ranjaypatel: gandhi ke vichar : shaikshik darshan ke sandarbh me

xk¡/kh ds fopkj% 'kSf{kd n'kZu ds lUnHkZ esa

jat; dqekj iVsy

f'k{kk fu".kkr~ Nk= ¼,e-,M‐½

çLrkouk %& cqjk er ns[kks! cqjk er lquksa! cqjk er dgks!

ge lHkh dks vktknh ls [kqyh gok esa lk¡l ysuk csgn vPNk yxrk gS] ijUrq bl gok dk Js; fdls tkrk gS \ gtkjksa ns'k çsfe;ksa usa viuh cfy p<+kdj gesa migkj esa vktknh nh gS] vkSj bUgha ns'k çsfe;ksa esa ,d vuks[kk 'k[l og gS] tks /kksrh dqrkZ igusa ykBh ysdj rFkk psgjs ij ,d eqLdku fy, fcuk 'kL= gekjh vktknh ds fy, fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls yM+rk jgk &

vk¡/kh esa Hkh tyrh jgh xk¡/kh rsjh e'kky A

lkojerh ds lUr rwusa dj fn;k deky AA

okLro esa budk O;fäRo ,oa —frRo fdlh ifjp; dk eksgrkt ugha gS D;ksafd budh çfl/nh dk eq[; dkj.k oSls rks Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke gha jgk gS] fdUrq blds vfrfjä vkSj Hkh vusdkusd dkj.k ,sls jgs gSa] ftudh otg ls xk¡/kh th dks çfl/nh ij çfl/nh mÙkjksÙkj :i esa feyrh pyh xbZAHkkjr dk cPpk&cPpk rd egkRek xk¡/kh dk uke tkurk gS vkSj budh t;&t;dkj djrk gSAos dsoy Hkkjr ds gha ,d egku foHkwfr ugha vfirq fo'o dh egku foHkwfr;ksa esa ls ,d Fks] ftUgsa ge lc Hkkjrh; jk"Vªfirk ¼ckiw ½ ds :i esa iwtrs pys vk jgs gSaAmuds vkSj Hkh dbZ miuke çpfyr gS] tSls&'kkfUr ds nwr] lR; vkSj vfgalk ds iqtkjh] Hkkjr ds ghjks] egkiq#"k] o"kZ dk iq#"k] lnh dk iq#"k] lnh dk uk;d] ;qx iq#"k] egku fopkjd] egku Lora=rk lsukuh] egku lekt lq/kkjd] Lora=rk laxzke ds egkuk;d] Lora=rk laxzke ds lw=/kkj] egku ns'kHkä] deZB jktusrk] deZB ;ksxh] vkn'kZ xq#] Js"B oäk ,oa egku f'k{kkfon bR;kfnA

lkjka'k %& Þesjk thou gha esjk lUns'k gS**% & egkRek xk¡/kh A

f'k{kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl dh vk/kkj f'kyk gS] ftl ij lekt dh [kq'kgkyh] jk"Vª dh çxfr] ,drk o v[kaMrk fuHkZj djrh gSA ;g O;olk; ,oa thou ;kiu ds lk/kuksa dh çkfIr rd gha lhfer ugha gS ]cfYd ckydksa dh laKkukRed] laosxkRed] l`tukRed fodkl ds lkFk gha lkFk muesa ldkjkRed vfHko`fÙk;ksa] oSKkfud –f"Vdks.kksa] larqfyr LoHkko] lgu'khyrk ,oa lerkoknh –f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djds ,d ^Hksn&Hkko jfgr* ,oa ^'kks"k.k jfgr lekt* dk fuekZ.k djusa esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc ge 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf/nd] lkaosfxd o lkaL—frd :i ls fHkUu ckydksa dks Hkh lkekU; ckydksa ds lkFk vkn'kZ :i esa f'k{kk çnku djsaAxk¡/kh th }kjk çLrqr ^f'k{kk&;kstuk* dks csfld f'k{kk ;kstuk] vk/kkjHkwr f'k{kk ;kstuk] o/kkZ ;kstuk] ubZ f'k{kk] ubZ rkyhe bR;kfn ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa egkRek xk¡/kh usa f'k{kk ds fofHkUu mikaxksa ds lUnHkZ esa viusa fopkj le;≤ ij O;ä fd;k gSA mudk lknk] ljy rFkk lkfRod LoHkko tgk¡ vuqies; Fkk] ogha n'kZu esa nwjnf'kZrk] Hkfo";–f"V rFkk rkRdkfyd dY;k.k dk Hkko Hkh lfUufgr FkkA mUgksausa viusa cgqeq[kh O;fäRo ls leLr ekuo tkfr dks uohurk dk fnXn'kZu djk;kA Hkkjrh; laL—fr ,oa ijEijkvksa dh v{kq..krk] nfyrksa dk m/nkj] fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk] lexz f'k{kk ;kstuk dh #ijs[kk] [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx dh LFkkiuk vkfn dk;Z mudh fof'k"Vrk dks çfrfofEcr djrs gSaA blds vfrfjä ^nfjæ&ukjk;.k* dh lsok dk Hkko rFkk ^loksZn; n'kZu* rks yksxksa dks vuk;kl gha lkspusa ds fy, etcwj dj nsrk gSA fuf'pr :i ls xk¡/kh th ^vk¡[k ds cnys esa vk¡[k* dnkfi ugha pkgrs Fks] D;ksafd ;g fl/nkUr rks vo';eso iwjh nqfu;k¡ dks vU/kk cuk nsus okyh gSA mudk Li"V dguk Fkk fd Þ,sls ft;ks fd rqe dy gha ejusa okys gks] vkSj ,sls lh[kks fd ges'kk ds fy, thusa okys gksAß blds lkFk gha lkFk os vkxkg Hkh djrs jgrs Fks fd Þvki vkt tks djrs gSa] ml ij Hkfo"; fuHkZj djrk gSAß oLrqr% xk¡/kh th dk ^'kSf{kd&fpUru* vR;Ur cstksM+] vrqyuh; ,oa çk;ksfxd ekU;rkvksa ls lEi`ä gSA vc vki mUgsa ^ckiw* dgks ;k ^jk"Vªfirk* nqfu;k¡ mUgsa dbZ ukeksa ls tkurh gS] ij tc Hkh dgha mudk uke vkrk gS rks viusa vki esa 'kkfUr] vfgalk] mudk ns'k ds fy, cfynku ;kn vk gha tkrk gSA lkjka'kr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd xk¡/kh th ds fopkjksa esa ,d vkstLoh 'kfä lek;h gqbZ gS] rHkh rks v¡xzst Hkh buds lkeusa lj >qdkrs FksA xk¡/khoknh f'k{kk n'kZu blh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k ,d lQy ç;kl gSA

f'k{kk dk lEçR;;%&xk¡/kh th f'k{kk dks ^n C;wVhQqy Vªh* dgk djrs FksA;s f'k{kk dks O;fä dk tUefl/n vf/kdkj ekurs Fks vkSj euq"; dh fdlh Hkh çdkj dh mUufr ds fy, bls mruk gh vko';d ekurs Fks ftruk dh cPps ds 'kkjhfjd fodkl ds fy, ek¡ dk nw/kAO;fä dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa ¼jksVh ]diM+k vkSj edku ½ dh Hk‚aaaaaafr f'k{kk Hkh euq"; dh ewyHkwr vko';drk gSAmuds erkuqlkj *tks f'k{kk fpÙk dh 'kqf/n u djs] fuokZg dk lk/ku u cuk;s rFkk LorU= jgusa dk gkSlyk vkSj lkeF;Z u mitk, ml f'k{kk esa pkgs fdruk Hkh [ktkuk ,oa rkfdZd dq'kyrk D;ksa u lekfgr gks fQj Hkh og lPph f'k{kk ugha gSA* xk¡/kh th dh ykylk Fkh fd Hkkjr dk çR;sd O;fä f'kf{kr gks] f'kf{kr gksusa ls mudk vfHkçk; ;g ugha Fkk fd og lk{kj gks] D;ksafd os lk{kjrk dks f'k{kk ugha ekurs FksAxk¡/kh th usa 3R ¼Reading, Writing and Airthmetic½ dh f'k{kk dks 3H(Hand, Head and Heart½ dh f'k{kk esa cny fn;kAxk¡/kh th usa f'k{kk ds vFkZ dks le>krs gq, ^gfjtu* esa fy[kk gS fd Þf'k{kk ls esjk vfHkçk; ckyd vkSj euq"; ds 'kjhj] eu vkSj vkRek ds mPpre fodkl ls gSAlk{kjrk f'k{kk dh u rks vfUre lh<+h gS vkSj u gha çFke lksikuA;g rks iq#"k vkSj L=h dks f'kf{kr djusa dk ,d lk/ku gSAlk{kjrk Lo;a f'k{kk ugha dgyk ldrhAf'k{kk }kjk ckydksa esa lR;a] f'koa] lqUnje~ vkSj fo'o cU/kqRo vkfn dh Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk ,sls ukxfjd mRiUu fd;s tkusa pkfg, tks LokoyEch] vkRekfHkekuh vkSj la;eh gksAxk¡/kh th usa fy[kk gS fd&^ml vkneh dks lPph f'k{kk feyh gS] ftldk 'kjhj bruk l/kk gqvk gS fd og mlds dkcw esa jg lds vkSj vkjke o vklkuh ds lkFk mldk crk;k gqvk dke djs] ml vkneh dks lPph f'k{kk feyh gS] ftldh cqf/n 'kq/n gS] 'kkUr vkSj U;k;n'khZ gS] ml vkneh usa lPph f'k{kk ikbZ gS] ftldk eu ç—fr ds fu;eksa ls Hkjk gS] ftldh bfUæ;ka viusa o'k esa gS] ftldh vUro`ZfÙk fo'kq/n gS vkSj vkneh uhp vkpj.k dks f/kDdkjrk gS rFkk nwljksa dks viusa tSlk le>rk gSA,slk vkneh lpeqp esa f'k{kk ik;k gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA*

f'k{kk n'kZu ds vk/kkjHkwr fl/nkUr%&xk¡/kh th dh f'k{kk ds vk/kkjHkwr fl/nkUr fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- lHkh ds fy, vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dk fl/nkUrA

2- ekr`Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk nsusa dk fl/nkUrA

3- f'kYi dsfUær ,oa m|ksx dsfUær f'k{kk dk fl/nkUrA

4- vkRefuHkZjrk dk fl/nkUr A

5- v/;;u dk leok;h fl/nkUr A

6- eqfä dk fl/nkUrA

7- pfj= fuekZ.k dk fl/nkUrA

8- O;fäRo ds lokaZxh.k fodkl dk fl/nkUrA

9- fo'o cU/kqRo ,oa çtkrkfU=drk dk fl/nkUrA

10- mi;ksfxrk dk fl/nkUrA

f'k{kk n'kZu dh fo'ks"krk,¡%&xk¡/khoknh f'k{kk n'kZu dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa&

1- vkRefuHkZj ;kstukA

2- ijh{kk ds Hk; ls eqfäA

3- oxZ foHksn dh lekfIrA

4- okLrfod thou dh rS;kjhA

5- fØ;k ç/kku f'k{k.k fof/kA

6- f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr`Hkk"kkA

7- fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls lg lEcfU/krA

8- euq"; ds lokaZxh.k fodkl ij cyA

9- Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, vk/kkjHkwr ikBîp;kZA

10- leLr Kku ,oa fØ;kvksa esa ,dhdj.kA

11- ikBî lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ls lEi`ä f'k{kkA

12- fo|ky; ,oa lekt esa fudV dk lEcU/kA

13- 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld Je ds vUrj dh lekfIrA

14- tu f'k{kk] L=h f'k{kk ,oa O;olk; f'k{kk dh loZlqyHkrkA

15- ckyd dh :fp] vko';drk ,oa ;ksX;rk ij vk/kkfjr O;oLFkkA

f'k{kk n'kZu ds mís';%&xk¡/kh th usa viusa f'k{kk n'kZu esa fuEu mís';ksa dks iw.kZrk çnku fd;k gS&

1- ckydksa dk lokaZxh.k fodkl djukA

2- thfodksiktZu ds lq;ksX; cukukA

3- Je ds çfr tkx:drk dk fodkl djukA

4- mÙke ukxfjdrk ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA

5- ckydksa dks vkfFkZd –f"V ls lcy cukukA

6- ckydksa dk uSfrd ,oa pkfjf=d mUu;u djukA

7- gkFk] ân; vkSj vkRek dk lUrqfyr fodkl djukA

8- gLrf'kYi ds ek/;e ls O;kolkf;d fodkl djukA

9- CkkYkdkas esa viuh laL—fr ds çfr vuqjkx mRiUu djukA

10- LokoyEcu vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA

11- lc ds mn; ¼loksZn; ½ gsrq lkekftd lajpuk fofufeZr djukA

f'k{kd ladYiuk%&xk¡/kh th dk 'kSf{kd n'kZu lR; vkSj vfgalk ij vk/kkfjr gS] tgk¡ lR; mudk Hkxoku vkSj vfgalk mls ikusa dk lk/ku gSAxk¡/kh th vDlj ;g dgk djrs Fks fd ^[kqn oks cnyko cfu, tks vki nqfu;k¡ esa ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA*bUgksausa f'k{kd dks ckydksa dk fe=] /keZfirk] iFk çn'kZd] dq'ky ekyh] rFkk lgk;d ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gS] tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks LokuqHko ,oa fØ;k }kjk lh[kusa dk ekxZ ç'kLr dj ldsAxk¡/kh th dk dguk gS fd ^fo|kFkhZ iqLrd dh vis{kk f'k{kd ls dgha vf/kd lh[krk gSA*vr% cPpksa dks fdrkch dhM+k gjfxt ugha cuk;k tkuk pkfg,Amuds 'kCnksa esa ^eSusa lnSo ;g vuqHko fd;k gS fd f'k"; dk ;FkkFkZ ikBî iqLrd mldk f'k{kd gSAtks f'k{kd Lo'kkflr ugha gS] og viusa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Lo'kkflr dHkh Hkh ugha cuk ldrkA* iqu% mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa ^viuh xyrh dks Lohdkjuk >kM+w yxkusa ds leku gS] tks lrg dks pednkj vkSj lkQ dj nsrh gSA* f'k{k.k dk;Z ,d ifo= dk;Z gksusa ds lkFk gha lkFk ^Js"B ekuo fuekZ.k* dk;Z Hkh gSA;g dk;Z dsoy O;olk; ds :i esa ugha viuk;k tkuk pkfg, vfirq mlds ihNs ^lekt lsok* ,oa ^jk"Vª lsok* dk Hkko Hkh gksuk pkfg,Abl çdkj f'k{kd dks pfj=oku] drZO;fu"B] feyulkj] lfg".kq] mnkjoku] /kS;Zoku] la;eh] /kkfeZd vkSj fØ;k'khy gksuk pkfg,Amls lR;] vfgalk] çse] U;k;] lgkuqHkwfr] Je] fo'ocU/kqRo ,oa loZ /keZ leHkko dh Hkkouk dk dq'ky iqtkjh gksuk pkfg,A

f'k{kkFkhZ ladYiuk%&xk¡/kh th ds 'kCnksa esa ^gj jkr tc eS lksusa tkrk gw¡ rc eS ej tkrk gw¡ vkSj vxyh lqcg tc eS mBrk gw¡ rc esjk iqutZUe gksrk gSA*dgusa dk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd O;fäxr thou esa 'kq/nrk ykusa dk ç;kl f'k{kkFkhZ dks fujUrj djrs jguk pkfg,Abuds vuqlkj f'k{kkFkhZ dks Lo;a vuq'kkflr jguk pkfg, ftlls fd og viusa vki dks ,d vkn'kZ fo|kFkhZ ds :i esa çLrqr dj ldsAmls czãp;Z dk ikyu djuk pkfg, rFkk ftKklq ço`fÙk dk gksuk pkfg,Axk¡/kh th lkekftd rFkk vk/;kfRed fodkl dks –f"V esa j[krs gq, cPpksa dks O;fäxr fodkl ds fy, iwjh rjg ls NwV nsrs FksAbuds erkuqlkj ,slk gha O;fä viuk] lekt dk rFkk lalkj dk Hkyk dj ldrk gSA

f'k{kk dh ikBîp;kZ%&egkRek xk¡/kh usa ikBîp;kZ dks thouksi;ksxh cukusa ij vfr'k; cy fn;k gSAmudk ekuuk Fkk fd ikBîp;kZ lS/nkfUrd] iqLrdh; rFkk lkfgfR;d ugha gksuk pkfg,] vfirq ikBîp;kZ thou dsfUær rFkk f'kYi dsfUær gksuk pkfg,Axk¡/kh th usa viuh f'k{kk dh ikBîp;kZ esa fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa dks LFkku fn;k gS&

1- gLr f'kYi&drkbZ&cqukbZ] peM+s dk dke] feêh dk dke] —f"k] ckxokuh] n¶rh dk dke] ydM+h dk dke vkfnA

2- Hkk"kk&ekr`Hkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk ¼çknsf'kd Hkk"kk,¡ ½A

3- xf.kr&vadxf.kr] chtxf.kr] js[kkxf.kr] uki&rkSyA

4- lkekftd fo"k;&bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ukxfjd'kkL=] lekt'kkL= ,oa lkekftd fo"k; dk v/;;uA

5- foKku&HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku] çk.kh foKku] LokLF; foKku] x`g foKkuA

6- dyk&laxhr] Mªkbax] isfUVax vkfnA

7- 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk&[ksydwn] O;k;ke] dq'rh] fMªy vkfnA

8- vkpj.k lEcU/kh f'k{kk&uSfrd f'k{kk] lekt lsok] çkFkZuk bR;kfnA

f'k{kk dh le; lkj.kh%&

fo"k; fuf'pr le;

1- cqfu;knh f'kYi 3 ?kaVs 20 feuV

2- laxhr@js[kkxf.kr @xf.kr 40 feuV

3- ekr`Hkk"kk 40 feuV

4- lkekftd fo"k; ,oa lkekU; foKku 30 feuV

5- 'kkjhjd f'k{kk 10 feuV

6- vodk'k 10 feuV

7- ;ksx 5 ?kaVs 30 feuV

f'k{kk dk ek/;e%&xk¡/kh th ds erkuqlkj lkjh f'k{kk ekr`Hkk"kk ds }kjk gha nh tk, D;ksafd ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk f'k{kk çkIr djusa ls ckyd dk ifjp; Hkkjrh; laL—fr ls gksrk gS vkSj mldk lokaZxh.k fodkl Hkh Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds vuqlkj gha gksrk gSAxk¡/kh th ds 'kCnksa esa ^dksbZ Hkh ns'k rc rd mUufr ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd og viuh ekr`Hkk"kk esa ugha cksyrkA*blds lkFk gha lkFk xk¡/kh th vUrjkZ"Vªh; ,oa ckSf/nd fodkl dh –f"V ,d vU; Hkk"kk ds fodkl dks Hkh vko';d ekurs FksA

f'k{k.k fof/k ladYiuk%&oSls xk¡/kh th usa euksfoKku dk v/;;u rks ugha fd;k Fkk] ij ,slk yxrk gS fd os O;kogkfjd euksfoKku ds if.Mr FksAxk¡/kh th usa çpfyr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds foijhr ,slh uohu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds viukusa ij cy fn;k tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vR;f/kd fØ;k'khy cukosAfo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Kku çkfIr ds çfr yyd iSnk djs] ftlls os Lo;a djds lh[ks vkSj çk;ksfxd dk;ksaZ dks djds vuqHkoksa dk fodkl dj ldsAvr% blds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{k.k dh lg lEcU/khdj.k fof/k dks viuk;k tk, ftlls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk ckydksa dks lefUor :i ls fn;k tk ldsAla{ksi esa xk¡/kh th usa fuEufyf[kr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks viukusa ij cy fn;k gS&

1- jpukRed fof/kA

2- fØ;k fof/kA

3- vuqdj.k fof/kA

4- laxhr fof/kA

5- lg;ksx fof/kA

6- ç;ksx fof/kA

7- ekSf[kd fof/kA

8-leok; ¼lglEcU/k ½ fof/kA

9- Jo.k] euu] fufn/;klu fof/kA

fo|ky; ladYiuk%&xk¡/kh th fo|ky; dks lkeqnkf;d dsUæ cukusa ij tksj nsrs FksAbuds vuqlkj ^fo|ky; esa ,slh deZ'kkyk,a gksuh pkfg,] tgk¡ f'k{kd lsokHkko ,oa iw.kZ fu"Bk ds lkFk vkn'kZ :i esa f'k{k.k dk;Z djs vkSj muds rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds la;qä ç;kl ls muesa bruk mRiknu dk;Z gks fd os vkfFkZd –f"V ls vkRefuHkZj cu ldsAfo|ky; esa leqnk; dh fofHkUu fØ;k,a gksuh pkfg, vkSj leqnk; ds yksxksa dks Hkh i<+us rFkk dk;Z djusa dh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k gksuh pkfg,A;gk¡ jkf= ikB 'kkyk,a yxkdj çkS<+ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh tkuh pkfg,A

vuq'kklu ladYiuk%&xk¡/kh th neukRed vuq'kklu ds fojks/kh ,oa eqäkuq'kklu] vkRekuq'kklu rFkk çHkkokRed vuq'kklu ds çcy leFkZd FksAbudh –f"V ls lPpk vuq'kklu vkReçsfjr gksrk gSAxk¡/kh th vDlj ;g dgk djrs Fks fd ^ejusa ds fy, esjs ikl cgqr ls dkj.k gSa] fdUrq fdlh dks ekjusa ds fy, esjs ikl dksbZ dkj.k ugha gS*A;s cPpksa dks 'kq/n çk—frd okrkoj.k vkSj mPp lkekftd i;kZoj.k esa j[kusa ij cy nsrs FksAbUgsa fo'okl Fkk fd bl çdkj ds i;kZoj.k esa cPpsa vuqdj.k }kjk mPp vkn'kksaZ ,oa vkpj.k dks xzg.k djsaxsaA;gha dkj.k gS fd mUgksausa ckydksa dks viusa&viusa dk;ksaZ esa bruk rYyhu cukusa dk leFkZu fd;k gS fd mUgsa mn.Mrk djusa ds fy, QqlZr gha u feysAxk¡/kh th fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vis{kk f'k{kdksa dks viusa vkpj.k ,oa O;ogkj esa ifj'kq/nrk cuk;s j[kusa ij T;knk cy nsrs FksAmudk Li"V dFku gS fd ^;fn f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dkslks nwj cSBs gks rks Hkh f'k{kd }kjk fd;s gq, dk;Z dk çHkko Nk= ij ijks{k :i ls iM+rk gSA*vr% f'k{kdksa dks lnSo lko/kku jguk pkfg, rFkk fdlh Hkh ckyd ds Hkfo"; ds lkFk vU;k; dnkfi ugha djuk pkfg,A

'kSf{kd n'kZu ds vU; i{k%&

tu f'k{kk&xk¡/kh th ds le; Hkkjr esa yxHkx 13%yksx gha lk{kj FksAfo|ky;h f'k{kk ds vHkko esa muesa u vkRefo'okl Fkk vkSj u tkx:drk FkhArc ge çxfr dSls djrs! xk¡/kh th usa vf'k{kk ds vfHk'kki ls cpusa ds fy, tu f'k{kk] L=h f'k{kk] vkSj çkS<+ f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kAtu f'k{kk nks :iksa esa foHkä Fkh&,d rks ckydksa dks f'kf{kr djusa ds fy, csfld f'k{kk ;kstuk çLrqr dhA;g f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; ;kstuk Fkh ftlesa 7&14 o"kZ rd ds ckydksa dh vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ij cy fn;k x;k FkkAtu f'k{kk ds çlkj ds fy, nwljk dne çkS<+ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk Fkk] ftldk mÙkjnkf;Ro lekt ij fuHkZj FkkAbUgksausa blds fy, lkekftd usrkvksa] lkekftd laxBuksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vkºoku fd;kA

L=h f'k{kk&xk¡/kh th L=h dks bZ'oj dh Js"Bre jpuk ekurs FksAbUgksausa Li"V fd;k fd eq[; :i ls L=h dks iRuh] ekrk vkSj lekt ds fuekZrk ds :i esa dk;Z djuk gksrk gSAvr% mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuokZg djusa ds fy, mls viuh lH;rk vkSj laL—fr dk Li"V Kku gksuk pkfg,Amudk Li"V dguk Fkk fd ^,d O;fä dks i<+kvksxs rks ,d O;fä f'kf{kr gksxkAA,d L=h dks i<+kvksxs rks iwjk ifjokj f'kf{kr gksxkA*

lg f'k{kk&xk¡/kh th usa yM+ds ,oa yM+fd;ksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj i<+kusa ds ç;ksx fd;s FksAblh vk/kkj ij lg f'k{kk dh lEHkkouk Lohdkj dh xbZ FkhAmuds vuqlkj çkbZejh vkSj mPp çkbZejh Lrj ij lg f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gS]ijUrq fd'kksjkoLFkk ij ;g mfpr ugha gSAviusa bl er dks O;ä djrs le; ;s çR;sd lekt dks ;g NwV nsrs gS fd] og viusa i;kZoj.k dks –f"V esa j[krs gq, lg f'k{kk dks Lohdkj djs vFkok vLohdkj djusa ds fy, LorU= gksuk pkfg,A

O;kolkf;d f'k{kk&xk¡/kh th iqLrd ç/kku f'k{kk ds fojks/kh ,oa m|ksx dsfUær f'k{kk ds çcy leFkZd FksA;s euq"; dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa ds çfr lpsr FksAbUgksausa Li"V fd;k fd Hkkjr dqVhj vkSj m|ksx /kU/kksa dk ns'k gSAvr% ;gk¡ ds cPpksa dks —f"k] ckxokuh vkSj gLr dkS'kyksa dh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg,A;s pkgrs Fks fd cPps cqfu;knh f'k{kk çkIr djusa ds i'pkr~ vkRefuHkZj gks] viuha jksth&jksVh Lo;a dek ldsAblds vfrfjä tks cPps cM+s m|ksxksa dh f'k{kk ysuk pkgsa muds fy, vkS|ksfxd] O;kolkf;d] oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk dk leFkZu fd;k gSA

ËkeZ f'k{kk&xk¡/kh th usa nkrwu djrs&djrs xhrk ds rsjg v/;k; dks daBLFk dj fy;k FkkAçkFkZuk] Hktu vkSj xhrk&ikB budh nSfud fØ;kvksa ds vax Fks fQj Hkh ;s fo|ky;ksa esa fdlh /keZ fo'ks"k dh f'k{kk nsusa ds i{k esa ugha Fks D;ksafd Hkkjr fofHkUu /keksaZ dk ns'k gSAvr% bUgksausa lHkh /keksaZ ds lkekU; fl/nkUrksa vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk dks gha ikBîp;kZ esa LFkku fn;k gSAekuo lsok dks ;s lcls cM+k /keZ ekurs Fks] buds fopkjkuqlkj cPpksa dks ekuo lsok dh vksj ço`Ùk djuk gha ^okLrfod /keZ f'k{kk* gSA

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk&vaxzstksa usa gekjs fy, ftl f'k{kk dk fo/kku fd;k Fkk mlds nks gha mís'; Fks&igyk 'kklu dk;Z esa lg;ksx djusa gsrq vaxzsth i<+s&fy[ks ckcw rS;kj djuk vkSj nwljk ,sls O;fä;ksa dk fuekZ.k tks ru ls Hkkjrh; gks ij eu ls v¡xzstAbldh ikBîp;kZ Hkh nks"k;qä Fkh ftldk Hkkjrh; tu thou ,oa laL—fr ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha FkkAikBî fo"k;ksa esa lokZf/kd cy vaxzsth Hkk"kk o lkfgR; dks feyrk FkkAf'k{kk dk ek/;e Hkh vaxzsth Hkk"kk gha FkhAf'k{kk Hkh dqN cM+s uxjksa esa gha lqyHk FkhAblds vfrfjä ;g vR;f/kd O;; lk/; Hkh FkhAifj.kker% mPp oxhZ; yksx gha bls çkIr dj ldrs FksAnq%[k dh ckr rks ;g Fkh fd bl f'k{kk dks çkIr djusa ds ckn f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa ds }kjk gha vf'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkusa yxkAvr% xk¡/kh th usa rRdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa vkewy pwy ifjorZu fd;k vkSj jk"Vª Lrj ij jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ;kstuk çLrqr dhAlEesyuksa esa ;kstuk dk Lokxr fd;k x;k vkSj bls vfUre :i nsusa ds fy, M‚-tkfdj gqlSu dh v/;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh xbZAlfefr usa xk¡/kh th ds fopkjksa dks Øec/n fd;k vkSj 1938 esa bls ^cqfu;knh f'k{kk* ds uke ls çLrqr dhA

ewY;kadu%& xk¡/kh th ds liuksa dk Hkkjr xjhch] fuj{kjrk vkSj vLi`';rk dh cqjkbZ;ksa ls loZFkk eqä gSAmlesa tkfr] oxZ] /keZ vFkok lEçnk; dk Hksn Hkko ugha gSAL=h iq#"kksa esa lekurk gSAns'k ds fodkl esa lHkh dk ;ksxnku rFkk gj ,d dks viuh vkokt mBkusa dk gd gSAxk¡/kh th dh utjksa esa Hkkjr dh gj ,d pht vkd"kZd gSAloksZPp vkdka{kk j[kusa okys fdlh Hkh O;fä dks viusa fodkl ds fy, tks dqN Hkh pkfg,] og lc dqN mls Hkkjr esa fey ldrk gSA Hkkjr viusa ewy Lo:i esa deZHkwfe gS] HkksxHkwfe ughaA bl çdkj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dks Hkkjrh; cukusa dk ukjk cqyUn djusa okys egkRek xk¡/kh ds 'kSf{kd fopkjksa ,oa n'kZuksa dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, dfri; fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd xk¡/kh th ds fopkjksa esa vkn'kZokn] ç—frokn] ç;kstuokn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn dk vuqie leUo; fo|eku gSAifj.kke Lo#i buds 'kSf{kd fopkjksa dh çklafxdrk dsoy Hkkjr o"kZ rd gha lhfer ugha gS vfirq lkr leqUnj ikj Hkh çR;{k :i ls ns[kusa dks feyrk gSA;fn Mkd fVdVksa ds ekeys esa fopkj fd;k tk, rks fo'o ds 104ns'kksa esa lcls cM+s ghjks ¼uk;d½ xk¡/kh th gha gSaAHkkjr esa 2vDVwcj dks *xk¡/kh t;Urh* ,oa 30tuojh dks mudh ;kn esa *'kghn fnol* euk;k tkrk gS*A 15twu lu 2007dks la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk ?kks"k.kk ds ifj.kke Lo#i çR;sd o"kZ 2vDVwcj dks xk¡/kh t;Urh ds miy{; esa iwjs fo'o esa ^vUrjkZ"Vªh; vfgalk fnol* euk;k tkrk gSAxk¡/kh th ds fopkjksa esa og rst lek;k gqvk gS tks 'kk;n gha dgha vkSj ns[kusa dks feysAmUgsa lewps fo'o esa cM+s vknj ds lkFk ;kn fd;k tkrk jgsxk D;ksafd Hkkjr esa tgk¡ vkt Hkh muds fopkjksa dh çklafxdrk thoUr gS ogha fo'o dks Hkh muds fopkjksa dh egrh vko';drk gSAfu%lansg muds }kjk crk, x, lR; vkSj vfgalk ds ekxZ ij pydj gha jk"Vªksa ds chp eu eqVko lekIr gksdj tu lk/kkj.k dk dY;k.k gks ldrk gSAbl ;qx iq#"k dks gekjk dksfV&dksfV ç.kke !

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph%&

1- xk¡/kh ]egkRek ¼2013½] esjs liuksa dk Hkkjr ]Mk;e.M çdk'ku ]ubZ fnYyhA

2- yky ]jeu fcgkjh ¼2004½] f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=h; fl/nkUr ]jLrksxh çdk'ku esjBA

3- ekyoh;] M‚-jktho ¼2012½] f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=h; vk/kkj ]'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou ]bykgkcknA

4- :gsyk] çks-,l-ih- ¼2010½] fodklksUeq[k Hkkjrh; lekt esa f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kk] vxzoky çdk'ku] vkxjkA

vU; lEcfU/kr tkudkjh%& Qjojh 18]2017 dks fuEufyf[kr vUrtkZyks ls iqu% çkIr fd;k x;kA

1-www.aasaanhai.net

2-http://hi.wikipedia.org

3-www.achhikhabar.com

4-www.gyanipandit.com

5-www.essaysinhindi.com

6-www.shikshavimarsh.com